Collections in Java

The Collection in Java is a framework that provides an architecture to store and manipulate the group of objects.

Java Collections can achieve all the operations that you perform on a data such as searching, sorting, insertion, manipulation, and deletion.

Java Collection means a single unit of objects. Java Collection framework provides many interfaces (Set, List, Queue, Deque) and classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList, PriorityQueue, HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet).

What is Collection in Java

A Collection represents a single unit of objects, i.e., a group.

What is a framework in Java

• It provides readymade architecture.
• It represents a set of classes and interfaces.
• It is optional.

What is Collection framework

The Collection framework represents a unified architecture for storing and manipulating a group of objects. It has:

1. Interfaces and its implementations, i.e., classes
2. Algorithm

Hierarchy of Collection Framework

Let us see the hierarchy of Collection framework. The java.util package contains all the classes and interfaces for the Collection framework.

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Methods of Collection interface

There are many methods declared in the Collection interface. They are as follows:

No.	Method	Description
1	public boolean add(E e)	It is used to insert an element in this collection.
2	public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)	It is used to insert the specified collection elements in the invoking collection.
3	public boolean remove(Object element)	It is used to delete an element from the collection.
4	public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c)	It is used to delete all the elements of the specified collection from the invoking collection.
5	default boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter)	It is used to delete all the elements of the collection that satisfy the specified predicate.
6	public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c)	It is used to delete all the elements of invoking collection except the specified collection.
7	public int size()	It returns the total number of elements in the collection.
8	public void clear()	It removes the total number of elements from the collection.
9	public boolean contains(Object element)	It is used to search an element.
10	public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c)	It is used to search the specified collection in the collection.
11	public Iterator iterator()	It returns an iterator.
12	public Object[] toArray()	It converts collection into array.
13	public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a)	It converts collection into array. Here, the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.
14	public boolean isEmpty()	It checks if collection is empty.
15	default Stream<E> parallelStream()	It returns a possibly parallel Stream with the collection as its source.
16	default Stream<E> stream()	It returns a sequential Stream with the collection as its source.
17	default Spliterator<E> spliterator()	It generates a Spliterator over the specified elements in the collection.
18	public boolean equals(Object element)	It matches two collections.
19	public int hashCode()	It returns the hash code number of the collection.

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Iterator interface

Iterator interface provides the facility of iterating the elements in a forward direction only.

Methods of Iterator interface

There are only three methods in the Iterator interface. They are:

No.	Method	Description
1	public boolean hasNext()	It returns true if the iterator has more elements otherwise it returns false.
2	public Object next()	It returns the element and moves the cursor pointer to the next element.
3	public void remove()	It removes the last elements returned by the iterator. It is less used.

Iterable Interface

The Iterable interface is the root interface for all the collection classes. The Collection interface extends the Iterable interface and therefore all the subclasses of Collection interface also implement the Iterable interface.

It contains only one abstract method. i.e.,

1. Iterator<T> iterator()  

It returns the iterator over the elements of type T.

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Collection Interface

The Collection interface is the interface which is implemented by all the classes in the collection framework. It declares the methods that every collection will have. In other words, we can say that the Collection interface builds the foundation on which the collection framework depends.

Some of the methods of Collection interface are Boolean add ( Object obj), Boolean addAll ( Collection c), void clear(), etc. which are implemented by all the subclasses of Collection interface.

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List Interface

List interface is the child interface of Collection interface. It inhibits a list type data structure in which we can store the ordered collection of objects. It can have duplicate values.

List interface is implemented by the classes ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector, and Stack.

To instantiate the List interface, we must use :

1. List <data-type> list1= new ArrayList();  
2. List <data-type> list2 = new LinkedList();  
3. List <data-type> list3 = new Vector();  
4. List <data-type> list4 = new Stack();  

There are various methods in List interface that can be used to insert, delete, and access the elements from the list.

The classes that implement the List interface are given below.

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ArrayList

The ArrayList class implements the List interface. It uses a dynamic array to store the duplicate element of different data types. The ArrayList class maintains the insertion order and is non-synchronized. The elements stored in the ArrayList class can be randomly accessed. Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;  
2. class TestJavaCollection1{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. ArrayList<String> list=new ArrayList<String>();//Creating arraylist  
5. list.add("Ravi");//Adding object in arraylist  
6. list.add("Vijay");  
7. list.add("Ravi");  
8. list.add("Ajay");  
9. //Traversing list through Iterator  
10. Iterator itr=list.iterator();  
11. while(itr.hasNext()){  
12. System.out.println(itr.next());  
13. }  
14. }  
15. }  

Output:

Ravi
Vijay
Ravi
Ajay

Java ArrayList example to remove elements

Here, we see different ways to remove an element.

1. import java.util.*;  
2.  class ArrayList8 {  
3.   
4.         public static void main(String [] args)  
5.         {  
6.           ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();  
7.           al.add("Ravi");    
8.           al.add("Vijay");    
9.           al.add("Ajay");   
10.           al.add("Anuj");  
11.           al.add("Gaurav");  
12.           System.out.println("An initial list of elements: "+al);   
13.           //Removing specific element from arraylist  
14.           al.remove("Vijay");  
15.           System.out.println("After invoking remove(object) method: "+al);   
16.           //Removing element on the basis of specific position  
17.           al.remove(0);  
18.           System.out.println("After invoking remove(index) method: "+al);   
19.             
20.           //Creating another arraylist  
21.           ArrayList<String> al2=new ArrayList<String>();    
22.           al2.add("Ravi");    
23.           al2.add("Hanumat");    
24.           //Adding new elements to arraylist  
25.           al.addAll(al2);  
26.           System.out.println("Updated list : "+al);   
27.           //Removing all the new elements from arraylist  
28.           al.removeAll(al2);  
29.           System.out.println("After invoking removeAll() method: "+al);   
30.           //Removing elements on the basis of specified condition  
31.           al.removeIf(str -> str.contains("Ajay"));   //Here, we are using Lambda expression   
32.           System.out.println("After invoking removeIf() method: "+al);  
33.           //Removing all the elements available in the list  
34.           al.clear();  
35.           System.out.println("After invoking clear() method: "+al);   
36.        }  
37.     }                   

An initial list of elements: [Ravi, Vijay, Ajay, Anuj, Gaurav]
After invoking remove(object) method: [Ravi, Ajay, Anuj, Gaurav]
After invoking remove(index) method: [Ajay, Anuj, Gaurav]
Updated list : [Ajay, Anuj, Gaurav, Ravi, Hanumat]
After invoking removeAll() method: [Ajay, Anuj, Gaurav]
After invoking removeIf() method: [Anuj, Gaurav]
After invoking clear() method: []

Java ArrayList example of retainAll() method

1. import java.util.*;  
2. class ArrayList9{  
3.  public static void main(String args[]){  
4.   ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();  
5.   al.add("Ravi");  
6.   al.add("Vijay");  
7.   al.add("Ajay");  
8.   ArrayList<String> al2=new ArrayList<String>();  
9.   al2.add("Ravi");  
10.   al2.add("Hanumat");  
11.   al.retainAll(al2);  
12.   System.out.println("iterating the elements after retaining the elements of al2");  
13.   Iterator itr=al.iterator();  
14.   while(itr.hasNext()){  
15.    System.out.println(itr.next());  
16.   }  
17.  }  
18. }  

       iterating the elements after retaining the elements of al2
       Ravi

Java ArrayList example of isEmpty() method

1. import java.util.*;  
2.  class ArrayList10{  
3.   
4.         public static void main(String [] args)  
5.         {  
6.           ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();  
7.           System.out.println("Is ArrayList Empty: "+al.isEmpty());  
8.           al.add("Ravi");    
9.           al.add("Vijay");    
10.           al.add("Ajay");    
11.           System.out.println("After Insertion");  
12.           System.out.println("Is ArrayList Empty: "+al.isEmpty());   
13.        }  
14.     }      

Is ArrayList Empty: true
After Insertion
Is ArrayList Empty: false

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Java ArrayList example of set() and get() method

1. import java.util.*;  
2.  class ArrayList11 {  
3.   
4.         public static void main(String [] args)  
5.         {  
6.           ArrayList<String> al=new ArrayList<String>();  
7.               al.add("Ravi");    
8.               al.add("Vijay");    
9.               al.add("Ajay");    
10.               System.out.println("Before update: "+al.get(1));   
11.               //Updating an element at specific position  
12.               al.set(1,"Gaurav");  
13.               System.out.println("After update: "+al.get(1));   
14.        }  
15.     }         

Before update: Vijay
After update: Gaurav

LinkedList

LinkedList implements the Collection interface. It uses a doubly linked list internally to store the elements. It can store the duplicate elements. It maintains the insertion order and is not synchronized. In LinkedList, the manipulation is fast because no shifting is required.

Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;  
2. public class TestJavaCollection2{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. LinkedList<String> al=new LinkedList<String>();  
5. al.add("Ravi");  
6. al.add("Vijay");  
7. al.add("Ravi");  
8. al.add("Ajay");  
9. Iterator<String> itr=al.iterator();  
10. while(itr.hasNext()){  
11. System.out.println(itr.next());  
12. }  
13. }  
14. }  

Output:

Ravi
Vijay
Ravi
Ajay

Vector

Vector uses a dynamic array to store the data elements. It is similar to ArrayList. However, It is synchronized and contains many methods that are not the part of Collection framework.

Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;  
2. public class TestJavaCollection3{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. Vector<String> v=new Vector<String>();  
5. v.add("Ayush");  
6. v.add("Amit");  
7. v.add("Ashish");  
8. v.add("Garima");  
9. Iterator<String> itr=v.iterator();  
10. while(itr.hasNext()){  
11. System.out.println(itr.next());  
12. }  
13. }  
14. }  

Output:

Ayush
Amit
Ashish
Garima

Stack

The stack is the subclass of Vector. It implements the last-in-first-out data structure, i.e., Stack. The stack contains all of the methods of Vector class and also provides its methods like boolean push(), boolean peek(), boolean push(object o), which defines its properties.

Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;  
2. public class TestJavaCollection4{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. Stack<String> stack = new Stack<String>();  
5. stack.push("Ayush");  
6. stack.push("Garvit");  
7. stack.push("Amit");  
8. stack.push("Ashish");  
9. stack.push("Garima");  
10. stack.pop();  
11. Iterator<String> itr=stack.iterator();  
12. while(itr.hasNext()){  
13. System.out.println(itr.next());  
14. }  
15. }  
16. }  

Output:

Ayush
Garvit
Amit
Ashish

Queue Interface

Queue interface maintains the first-in-first-out order. It can be defined as an ordered list that is used to hold the elements which are about to be processed. There are various classes like PriorityQueue, Deque, and ArrayDeque which implements the Queue interface.

Queue interface can be instantiated as:

1. Queue<String> q1 = new PriorityQueue();  
2. Queue<String> q2 = new ArrayDeque();  

There are various classes that implement the Queue interface, some of them are given below.

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PriorityQueue

The PriorityQueue class implements the Queue interface. It holds the elements or objects which are to be processed by their priorities. PriorityQueue doesn't allow null values to be stored in the queue.

Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;  
2. public class TestJavaCollection5{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. PriorityQueue<String> queue=new PriorityQueue<String>();  
5. queue.add("Amit Sharma");  
6. queue.add("Vijay Raj");  
7. queue.add("JaiShankar");  
8. queue.add("Raj");  
9. System.out.println("head:"+queue.element());  
10. System.out.println("head:"+queue.peek());  
11. System.out.println("iterating the queue elements:");  
12. Iterator itr=queue.iterator();  
13. while(itr.hasNext()){  
14. System.out.println(itr.next());  
15. }  
16. queue.remove();  
17. queue.poll();  
18. System.out.println("after removing two elements:");  
19. Iterator<String> itr2=queue.iterator();  
20. while(itr2.hasNext()){  
21. System.out.println(itr2.next());  
22. }  
23. }  
24. }  

Output:

head:Amit Sharma
head:Amit Sharma
iterating the queue elements:
Amit Sharma
Raj
JaiShankar
Vijay Raj
after removing two elements:
Raj
Vijay Raj

Deque Interface

Deque interface extends the Queue interface. In Deque, we can remove and add the elements from both the side. Deque stands for a double-ended queue which enables us to perform the operations at both the ends.

Deque can be instantiated as:

1. Deque d = new ArrayDeque();  

ArrayDeque

ArrayDeque class implements the Deque interface. It facilitates us to use the Deque. Unlike queue, we can add or delete the elements from both the ends.

ArrayDeque is faster than ArrayList and Stack and has no capacity restrictions.

Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;  
2. public class TestJavaCollection6{  
3. public static void main(String[] args) {  
4. //Creating Deque and adding elements  
5. Deque<String> deque = new ArrayDeque<String>();  
6. deque.add("Gautam");  
7. deque.add("Karan");  
8. deque.add("Ajay");  
9. //Traversing elements  
10. for (String str : deque) {  
11. System.out.println(str);  
12. }  
13. }  
14. }  

Output:

Gautam
Karan
Ajay

Set Interface

Set Interface in Java is present in java.util package. It extends the Collection interface. It represents the unordered set of elements which doesn't allow us to store the duplicate items. We can store at most one null value in Set. Set is implemented by HashSet, LinkedHashSet, and TreeSet.

Set can be instantiated as:

1. Set<data-type> s1 = new HashSet<data-type>();  
2. Set<data-type> s2 = new LinkedHashSet<data-type>();  
3. Set<data-type> s3 = new TreeSet<data-type>();  

HashSet

HashSet class implements Set Interface. It represents the collection that uses a hash table for storage. Hashing is used to store the elements in the HashSet. It contains unique items.

Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;  
2. public class TestJavaCollection7{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. //Creating HashSet and adding elements  
5. HashSet<String> set=new HashSet<String>();  
6. set.add("Ravi");  
7. set.add("Vijay");  
8. set.add("Ravi");  
9. set.add("Ajay");  
10. //Traversing elements  
11. Iterator<String> itr=set.iterator();  
12. while(itr.hasNext()){  
13. System.out.println(itr.next());  
14. }  
15. }  
16. }  

Output:

Vijay
Ravi
Ajay

LinkedHashSet

LinkedHashSet class represents the LinkedList implementation of Set Interface. It extends the HashSet class and implements Set interface. Like HashSet, It also contains unique elements. It maintains the insertion order and permits null elements.

Consider the following example.

1. import java.util.*;  
2. public class TestJavaCollection8{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. LinkedHashSet<String> set=new LinkedHashSet<String>();  
5. set.add("Ravi");  
6. set.add("Vijay");  
7. set.add("Ravi");  
8. set.add("Ajay");  
9. Iterator<String> itr=set.iterator();  
10. while(itr.hasNext()){  
11. System.out.println(itr.next());  
12. }  
13. }  
14. }  

Output:

Ravi
Vijay
Ajay

SortedSet Interface

SortedSet is the alternate of Set interface that provides a total ordering on its elements. The elements of the SortedSet are arranged in the increasing (ascending) order. The SortedSet provides the additional methods that inhibit the natural ordering of the elements.

The SortedSet can be instantiated as:

1. SortedSet<data-type> set = new TreeSet();  

TreeSet

Java TreeSet class implements the Set interface that uses a tree for storage. Like HashSet, TreeSet also contains unique elements. However, the access and retrieval time of TreeSet is quite fast. The elements in TreeSet stored in ascending order.

Consider the following example:

1. import java.util.*;  
2. public class TestJavaCollection9{  
3. public static void main(String args[]){  
4. //Creating and adding elements  
5. TreeSet<String> set=new TreeSet<String>();  
6. set.add("Ravi");  
7. set.add("Vijay");  
8. set.add("Ravi");  
9. set.add("Ajay");  
10. //traversing elements  
11. Iterator<String> itr=set.iterator();  
12. while(itr.hasNext()){  
13. System.out.println(itr.next());  
14. }  
15. }  
16. }  

Output:

Ajay
Ravi
Vijay